Rudolph, Conrad, "Medieval Architectural Theory, the Sacred Economy, and the Public Presentation of Monastic Architecture: The Classic Cistercian Plan," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 78 (2019) 259-275.An exact nature of the walls of a medieval town or city would depend on the resources available for building them, the nature of the terrain, and the perceived threat.
Rudolph, Conrad, "The Architectural Metaphor in Western Medieval Artistic Culture: From the Cornerstone to The Mystic Ark," The Cambridge History of Religious Architecture, ed.Rudolph, Conrad, "Building-Miracles as Artistic Justification in the Early and Mid-Twelfth Century," Radical Art History: Internationale Anthologie, ed.
Hillson, J., Buchanan, A., Webb, N, Digital Analysis of Vaults in English Medieval Architecture, London: Taylor & Francis (2021).Fletcher, Banister Cruickshank, Dan, Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896)."Building the House of God: Architectural Metaphor and The Mystic Ark," Codex Aquilarensis: Revista de arte medieval (2016).Braun, Hugh, An Introduction to English Mediaeval Architecture, London: Faber and Faber, 1951.The Church at Kilpeck is identified as 12th century based on its shallow and flat buttresses, emphatic corbel table and apse. Identifying these latter churches is made difficult due to something called the Saxo-Norman overlap, where many Anglo-Saxon aspects are present in the masonry. During this time, the style became more detailed and ornamental. when many smaller churches were built and renovated. saw the style emerge during the rebuilding of many great churches, cathedrals, and monasteries (surviving examples include the Durham Cathedral, Norwich Cathedral and the Peterborough Cathedral). Though usually classed broadly as "Romanesque", the period of architecture can now be divided into two stages. Motifs of Roman origin were common to Norman and Anglo-Saxon architectural styles. This style is sometimes called Anglo-Norman, though it continues under the Angevin and Plantagenet rulers. The spread of Romanesque architecture through Europe has been described as "revolutionary". Romanesque buildings are widely known throughout Europe. Romanesque is characterized by a use of round or slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, and cruciform piers supporting vaults.
The term was not contemporary with the art it describes, but rather, is an invention of modern scholarship based on its similarity to Roman Architecture in forms and materials. Romanesque, prevalent in medieval Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries, was the first pan-European style since Roman Imperial architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent. Styles Pre-Romanesque Early medieval secular architecture in pre-romanesque Spain: the palace of Santa María del Naranco, c.850. Architects were usually master masons ( Magister lathomorum), and were typically responsible for the structural engineering of their buildings, for ensuring that they were stable, unlike in later periods. Guilds were formed by craftsmen during this period to organize their trades. While most surviving medieval constructions are churches and military fortifications, examples of civic and domestic architecture can be found throughout Europe, including in manor houses, town halls, almshouses, bridges, and residential houses. The Renaissance marked the end of the medieval period, when architects began to favour classical forms. Major styles of the period include pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, and Gothic. Medieval architecture was the the art of designing and constructing buildings in the Middle Ages.
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